The Ureter: A Comprehensive Review, Mahmoud Abdel-Gawad,Bedeir Ali-El-Dein,John Barry,Arnulf Stenzl, Editör, Springer, London/Berlin , Zürich, ss.465-492, 2024
Evidence-based recommendations for the management of ureteral stones are provided. Ureteral stones less than 5 mm in diameter have a high chance of spontaneous passage. Medical expulsive therapy (MET) with alpha-blockers is effective for treating many patients with uncomplicated distal ureteral stones lass 10 mm in diameter. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is effective ini
tial therapy for mid- and upper ureteral stones less than 10 mm in diameter. Routine double-J ureteral stenting before ESWL does not improve stone-free rates. Routine prophylactic antibiotics are not necessary. ESWL is not used during pregnancy because of potential harm to a fetus. Ureteroscopy and percutaneous antegrade ure
terorenoscopy with laser lithotripsy are effective stone treatments. Routine double-J stenting is not necessary. In rare cases where ESWL and ureteroscopy are unsuc
cessful or unlikely to be successful, laparoscopic, hand-assisted laparoscopic, robotic-assisted laparoscopic, or open ureterolithotomy might be performed.