Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
Anestezi Dergisi, cilt.13, sa.1, ss.1-9, 2005 (Scopus)
Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) has been used clinically for a number of disorders believed to be due to overactive striated or smooth muscles. Botullinum toxin has been shown to be effective for the treatment of various dystonic conditions such as blepharospasm, spasmodic torticollis, spasmodic dysphonia, and facial spasm. In addition to reducing muscle hyperactivity and spasm, BTX-A treatment often reduces the pain associated with cervical dystonia, achalasia, and rectal fissures. After irreversibly binding to presynaptic cholinergic nerve terminals, botulinum toxin prevents the release of acetylcholine, resulting in sustained muscle relaxation, which lasts until regeneration (reinnervation) of the nerve terminals is accomplished. Preliminary evidence suggests that it may also be beneficial in the treatment of chronic low back pain associated with muscle spasm. This review discusses the historical development of botox, its indications, contra-indications and side effects, the doses prescribed for various disorders, the mechanism of action and the use of botox in the treatment of pain conditions including headache, myofascial pain, and failed back surgery syndrome.