ENERGY SOURCES, PART B: ECONOMICS, PLANNING AND POLICY, cilt.19, sa.1, ss.1-15, 2024 (SCI-Expanded)
This study examines the relationship between tourism and trade openness in terms of energy usage, through panel data analysis. We investigate how tourism indicators influence the effects of trade openness on energy consumption. During 1998–2022, tourism receipts, arrivals, and expenditures from 10 top destinations have served as the key tourism indicators. Energy usage is a significant indicator of economic activities, with key sectors such as trade and tourism exerting a determining influence on energy demand. An increase in trade openness generally results in higher energy consumption, while growth in tourism revenue has a reducing effect on energy usage. Moreover, the expansion of the tourism sector tends to offset the adverse effects of energy consumption stemming from trade openness. Tourism indicators appear to have the power to counterbalance the negative effects on energy consumption, and gross capital formation is identified as a promoter of energy usage.