Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage and the Law, FABBRICOTTI ALBERTA, Editör, Routledge, London, ss.133-146, 2024
At least since the end of Cold War but chiefly after 2001, UNSC sanctions have gradually become part and parcel of everyday practice of international law. In this vein, an evolving and complex security architecture has been built by counter-terrorism committees. Against the backdrop of transformation of sanctions from being directed at States to targeting individuals and entities, threats, attacks and damage to or destruction of cultural heritage, and trafficking in cultural property in terms of terrorism finance have been incorporated into UNSC sanctions regime. By UNSC Res 1483 (2003), 2199 (2015), 2347 (2017) among others, UNSC achieved the so-called securitization of culture, with structural shortcomings and at least on paper, in conflict situations, and referring to NSAs, e.g. Al-Qaida (QDe.004). On the other hand, strikingly, there is relatively non-existent individual listings by UN counter-terrorism committees pertinent to cultural property or heritage protection, e.g. by 1267/1989/2253 Committee, Counter-Terrorism (1373) Committee or Mali (2374) Committee. Upon analysis of individual sanctions, this chapter argues that underlying structural problems at different levels pose challenges for individual sanctions, but individual sanctions have potential to contribute to addressing threats, attacks, damage to or destruction of cultural property or for protecting heritage, particularly against IDCHH, through UNSC and UN-Member States’ action.