3D-printable materials containing construction and demolition waste: a review
Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, cilt.11, sa.9, 2026 (ESCI, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Derleme
- Cilt numarası: 11 Sayı: 9
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1007/s41062-026-02899-1
- Dergi Adı: Innovative Infrastructure Solutions
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), Scopus
- Anahtar Kelimeler: 3D-printed concrete (3DPC), 3D-printed geopolymer (3DPG), Anisotropy, Buildability, Circular economy, Construction and demolition waste (CDW), Extrudability, Interlayer bonding, Rheology, Sustainable construction
- Ankara Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
The construction industry remains heavily dependent on traditional concrete production methods, contributing significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions and limiting innovation. Additive manufacturing (AM), or 3D printing (3DP), presents a transformative opportunity for sustainable construction by enabling automated, material-efficient, and design-flexible concrete production. This research explores the integration of construction and demolition waste (CDW) into 3D-printed concrete (3DPC) and 3D-printed geopolymer (3DPG) systems as a sustainable alternative to conventional raw materials. CDW, including recycled concrete, brick, ceramic, and glass, can be processed into aggregates and binders, offering circular economy benefits while reducing the environmental footprint. CDW significantly influences fresh properties such as flowability, open time, extrudability, and buildability due to its variable water demand, particle morphology, and reactivity. In hardened state, it affects strength, shrinkage, interlayer bonding, and microstructure development, often introducing anisotropy and requiring careful mix design adjustments. This review explored and evaluated the 3DP-related properties of CDW-based 3DPC and 3DPG, highlighting the critical role of rheology, activator chemistry, and material optimization. Overall, the incorporation of CDW in 3DP materials offers a promising pathway toward low-carbon, resource-efficient, and structurally viable construction technologies.