A green and simple NiO@PPC/GCE-based electrochemical sensor for the determination of canagliflozin in human plasma, urine, and tablet samples

Özata Ç. A., ERK N., Bouali W., Genc A. A., ÖZALP Ö., SOYLAK M.

Electrochimica Acta, cilt.542, 2025 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus) identifier identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 542
  • Basım Tarihi: 2025
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.147534
  • Dergi Adı: Electrochimica Acta
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Compendex, INSPEC
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: Biochar, Canagliflozin (CNG), Electrochemical sensor, Green analytical chemistry, NiO@PPC/GCE
  • Ankara Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

In this work, a novel and eco-friendly electrochemical sensor was developed to allow the first electrochemical determination of canagliflozin (CNG), a selective sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, by employing a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with nickel oxide-precipitated pomegranate peel biochar (NiO@PPC). The sensor demonstrated excellent electrocatalytic performance toward the oxidation of CNG, with a linear range of 2.0–28.5 µM and a low limit of detection of 0.045 µM. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization of NiO@PPC was carried out using FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, STEM, and BET analyses. Electrochemical behavior was investigated via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of CNG in pharmaceutical tablets, as well as in human urine and plasma samples, yielding recovery rates of 99.1 % to 101.7 % and RSD values below 2.7 %. Beyond routine drug analysis, this work highlights an eco-designed electrode architecture, quantitatively assessed using GAPI, AGREE, and BAGI green metrics, underscoring broader implications for sustainable pharmaceutical monitoring.