Research Information System
Van Veterinary Journal, vol.37, no.1, pp.44-53, 2026 (TRDizin)
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic triggered a rapid shift from face-to-face to online learning, significantly impacting anatomy education, which relies heavily on practical training. This retrospective study evaluated the effects of face-to-face, online, and hybrid teaching on student performance in Anatomy-I and Anatomy-II courses in Turkish and English veterinary programs at Ankara University from 2017 to 2021. A total of 1.496 students (Turkish: 1.253; English: 243) were included, with academic years categorized as pre-pandemic, acute pandemic, and prolonged pandemic. Performance was analyzed using Chi-square, t-tests, Kappa agreement, and odds ratios. Results showed higher success rates in online Anatomy-II courses, especially in 2020–2021. Anatomy-I outcomes varied, and female students consistently outperformed male students. The hybrid model produced mixed results. Online education, when wellstructured, was as effective as traditional methods. Future anatomy education should adopt hybrid models that combine digital flexibility with essential in-person practice.