Engineering a Ni₃Se₄/Co₃Se₄@PC heterostructure for sensitive and sustainable electrochemical detection of upadacitinib
Microchemical Journal, cilt.228, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 228
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.microc.2026.118937
- Dergi Adı: Microchemical Journal
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Index Islamicus, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Electrochemical sensor, GEMAM, Ni₃Se₄/Co₃Se₄ heterostructure, Upadacitinib
- Ankara Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
A novel electrochemical sensor based on a Ni₃Se₄/Co₃Se₄ heterostructure supported on biomass-derived porous carbon (Ni₃Se₄/Co₃Se₄@PC/GCE) was developed for the sensitive determination of upadacitinib (UPA). The designed platform provides an enhanced electroactive surface and improved charge transfer characteristics, leading to a significant increase in current response compared to the bare electrode. Electrochemical studies revealed that the oxidation process of UPA is diffusion-controlled and involves 2 protons-coupled 2 electrons transfer mechanism. Under optimized conditions, the proposed sensor demonstrated satisfactory analytical performance, providing a linear detection range of 5–40.6 μM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.735 μM. The modified electrode also demonstrated satisfactory reproducibility (RSD = 1.36%) and maintained stable performance over a 10-day period. Selectivity tests confirmed that common interfering species exerted a negligible effect on the analytical signal, even when present at levels up to 100 times greater than that of UPA. The applicability of the method was successfully verified in pharmaceutical formulations and biological matrices (human plasma and urine), yielding accurate and reliable results. The favorable GEMAM score (5.387) further highlights its compliance with green analytical chemistry principles. Overall, the proposed Ni₃Se₄/Co₃Se₄@PC/GCE sensor represents a simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly alternative for the determination of UPA, with strong potential for routine analytical applications.