Electrochemical sensing of anticancer drug bexarotene via nano-mip synergy: A novel approach for targeted and selective detection


SADAK S., Karayel A., USLU B.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA, cilt.549, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus) identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 549
  • Basım Tarihi: 2026
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.electacta.2025.147966
  • Dergi Adı: ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Compendex, INSPEC
  • Ankara Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

Globally, cancer is one of the primary causes of mortality. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, an uncommon form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, manifests through diverse dermatological symptoms including patchy plaques, lesions, and nodules, as well as skin barrier impairment and inflammation. These adversely affect patients' quality of life. Consequently, therapeutic strategies for the disease primarily aim to mitigate these symptoms and improve quality of life. Among these approaches, bexarotene (BEX) occupies a significant position, as it is utilized in both oral and topical forms. A new, durable BEX sensor was developed by combining the high selectivity of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with the sensitivity-enhancing properties of nanomaterials. For this purpose, molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), platinum nanospheres (PtNSs), and chitosan (Chit) were used for the preparation of the nanomaterial-modified sensor, while arginine (Arg) monomer was employed during the polymerization process. The proposed sensor exhibited a linear response for determining BEX in standard solutions within a concentration range of 7.0 x 10-15 M to 1.0 x 10-13 M. The limit of detection (LOD) was 1.06 x 10-15 M, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 3.53 x 10-15 M. This approach successfully identified BEX in the pharmaceutical formulation Beksar (R) and commercial human serum samples with effective recovery outcomes. Additionally, the Poly(Arg)/BEX@MIP/MoO3-PtNS@Chit/GCE sensor demonstrated significant selectivity for BEX among various interfering agents. The imprinting factor (IF) was determined employing varying quantities of retinoic acid (RA), which has a similar chemical structure. The results indicated that the sensor exhibited roughly 4-, 6-, and 7-fold selectivity. Additionally, the obtained results were supported by quantum mechanical calculations. Quantum mechanical calculations revealed the presence of two strong conventional hydrogen bonds (O-H...O type) between BEX and arginine. The Counterpoise calculation yielded a binding energy of-20.81 kcal/ mol.